Oil Reserves in Syria
Syrias Oil
industry faces many challenges in the years to come. Oil output and
production continues to decline due to technological problems and
depletion of oil reserves. Since peaking at 590,000 bbl/d in 1996,
Syrias oil output has fallen, to an estimated 460,000 bbl/d in 2004, as
older fields, especially the large Jebisseh field discovered in 1968,
have reached maturity. Syrian oil production is expected to continue its
decline over the next several years, while consumption rises, leading
to a reduction in Syrian net oil exports. If this trend continues, it is
possible that Syria could become a net oil importer within a decade.
Export levels, which had been temporarily buoyed by illegal imports from
Iraq, fell sharply after the invasion of Iraq in March 2003.
Syria hopes to reverse the trend toward declining Oil
exports through intensified oil exploration and production efforts,
plus a switch from oil-fired to natural-gas fired electric power plants.
Syria also has opened up new blocks for oil and Natural Gas
exploration, with the Oil and Mineral Resources Ministry receiving bids
from several international companies in December 2001 on five
exploration areas. Awards for these blocks were made in January 2003,
with Shell receiving exploration rights in the Damascus-Palmyra area and
Indias ONGC Videsh receiving another onshore block. Independents Ocean
Energy and Stratic Energy also received awards. In 2003, three new
exploration deals were announced, with companies receiving awards
including Canadas Tanganyika and PetroCanada, Chinas CNPC, and Devon
Energy and Gulfsands Petroleum
of the United States. Another round of awards took place in January
2004, with companies involved including U.S. independent IPR Transoil,
Indias ONGC, and Croatias INA Naftaplin. In May 2005, Gulfsands
Petroleum purchased Devon Energys 80 percent stake in Block 26, then
sold a 50 percent stake in the project to Soyuzneftegaz of Russia.
Gulfsands remains as Operator
of the project with a 50 percent ownership stake. INA Naftaplin
reported a discovery of oil at the Jihar field in September 2004, which
it expects to produce 5,000 bbl/d once it is developed.
Syrias main oil producer is al-Furat Petroleum Co. (AFPC) a joint venture established in 1985 and owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC), Shell, and PetroCanada. AFPCs fields are located in the northeastern Syria -- particularly the Deir ez-Zour region, where commercial quantities of oil were discovered in the late 1980s -- and are producing about 350,000 bbl/d of high quality light crude.
AFPCs main oil field is al-Thayyem, although production there has been declining since 1991. Another important field -- Omar/Omar North -- began production in February 1989 at 55,000 bbl/d. Shortly thereafter, operator Shell was pressed by the cash-strapped Syrian government to step up production (against Shells advice) to 100,000 bbl/d. The result was serious Reservoir damage, and in April 1989, output plummeted to 30,000 bbl/d. Currently, Omar produces about 15,000 bbl/d from natural pressure and 30,000 bbl/d from water injection. Other AFPC fields include al-Izba (light oil), Maleh (34o API Gravity oil), Sijan, and Tanak. Production from fields run by SPC peaked in the late 1970s at more than 165,000 bbl/d.
SPCs fields include: 1) Karatchuk -- Syrias first discovery, located near the border with Iraq and Turkey; 2) Suwaidiyah -- a giant heavy oil field located south of Karatchuk in the Hassakeh region (and extending into northwestern Iraq) which currently produces around 85,000 bbl/d; 3) Jibsah -- a major field producing both oil and gas; 4) Rumailan -- a small field near Suwaidiyah which produces heavy oil; and 5) Alian, Tishreen, and Gbebeh -- three small, depleting fields producing heavy oil. Chinas CNPC signed a contract with SPC in March 2003 to undertake an enhanced oil recovery project for Gbebeh, which is to increase production from the current 4,500 bbl/d to 10,000 bbl/d.
Other Syrian oil fields include Maleh, Qahar, Sijan, Azraq, and Tanak. Jafra, discovered in late 1991 and located near Deir ez-Zour, is operated by TotalFinaElf and has current production of around 50,000 bbl/d. Besides conventional oil reserves, Syria also has major shale oil deposits in several locations, mainly the Yarmouk Valley stretching into Jordan.
Oil exploration activity in Syria has been slow in recent years due to unattractive contract terms by SPC, poor exploration results, and concerns about the possibility of additional U.S. sanctions. For these reasons, only a few companies out of more than a dozen operating in the country in 1991 remain in Syria at present. The recent bid rounds are an attempt to reverse this trend, but it is unclear how successful this will be. Officials of TotalFinaElf publicly expressed their intention to scale down their Syrian operations in May 2002, and ConocoPhillips announced in February 2004 that it was ending its operations in Syria.
Syrias main oil producer is al-Furat Petroleum Co. (AFPC) a joint venture established in 1985 and owned by the Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC), Shell, and PetroCanada. AFPCs fields are located in the northeastern Syria -- particularly the Deir ez-Zour region, where commercial quantities of oil were discovered in the late 1980s -- and are producing about 350,000 bbl/d of high quality light crude.
AFPCs main oil field is al-Thayyem, although production there has been declining since 1991. Another important field -- Omar/Omar North -- began production in February 1989 at 55,000 bbl/d. Shortly thereafter, operator Shell was pressed by the cash-strapped Syrian government to step up production (against Shells advice) to 100,000 bbl/d. The result was serious Reservoir damage, and in April 1989, output plummeted to 30,000 bbl/d. Currently, Omar produces about 15,000 bbl/d from natural pressure and 30,000 bbl/d from water injection. Other AFPC fields include al-Izba (light oil), Maleh (34o API Gravity oil), Sijan, and Tanak. Production from fields run by SPC peaked in the late 1970s at more than 165,000 bbl/d.
SPCs fields include: 1) Karatchuk -- Syrias first discovery, located near the border with Iraq and Turkey; 2) Suwaidiyah -- a giant heavy oil field located south of Karatchuk in the Hassakeh region (and extending into northwestern Iraq) which currently produces around 85,000 bbl/d; 3) Jibsah -- a major field producing both oil and gas; 4) Rumailan -- a small field near Suwaidiyah which produces heavy oil; and 5) Alian, Tishreen, and Gbebeh -- three small, depleting fields producing heavy oil. Chinas CNPC signed a contract with SPC in March 2003 to undertake an enhanced oil recovery project for Gbebeh, which is to increase production from the current 4,500 bbl/d to 10,000 bbl/d.
Other Syrian oil fields include Maleh, Qahar, Sijan, Azraq, and Tanak. Jafra, discovered in late 1991 and located near Deir ez-Zour, is operated by TotalFinaElf and has current production of around 50,000 bbl/d. Besides conventional oil reserves, Syria also has major shale oil deposits in several locations, mainly the Yarmouk Valley stretching into Jordan.
Oil exploration activity in Syria has been slow in recent years due to unattractive contract terms by SPC, poor exploration results, and concerns about the possibility of additional U.S. sanctions. For these reasons, only a few companies out of more than a dozen operating in the country in 1991 remain in Syria at present. The recent bid rounds are an attempt to reverse this trend, but it is unclear how successful this will be. Officials of TotalFinaElf publicly expressed their intention to scale down their Syrian operations in May 2002, and ConocoPhillips announced in February 2004 that it was ending its operations in Syria.
Syrias two refineries are located at Banias and Homs. Total current
production from these refineries is 239,865 bbl/d (132,725 bbl/d and
107,140 bbl/d, respectively). Syria is planning to construct a third
refinery, with an initial capacity of 60,000 bbl/d (possibly increasing
to 120,000 bbl/d), at Deir ez-Zour to supply products to the eastern
part of the country. A feasibility study on this project reportedly was
completed in January 1998, but it has not been implemented. In addition,
Syria plans to upgrade its two current refineries, both of which are in
urgent need of overhauling, to replace output of fuel Oil with lighter products.
Syrias proven Natural Gas
reserves are estimated at 8.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Most (around
three quarters) of these reserves are owned by SPC, including about 3.6
Tcf in the Palmyra area, 1.6 Tcf at the al-Furat fields, 1.2 Tcf at
Suwaidiyah, 0.8 Tcf at Jibsah, 0.7 Tcf at Deir ez-Zour, and the
remainder at al-Hol, al-Ghona, and Marqada. About half of Syrias gas is
non-associated, with the rest either associated (with Oil)
or "cap" gas. In June 1999, a new natural gas field, called North
al-Faydh, reportedly was discovered by SPC. The field reportedly has
production potential of 35 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d).
2003, Syria produced about 245 Bcf of Natural Gas,
up sharply from 205 Bcf in 2002. Syria plans to increase this
production in coming years as part of a strategy to substitute natural
gas for Oil
in power generation in order to free up as much oil as possible for
export. A number of new gas-fired power projects are currently under
construction or being planned. Another possible source of natural gas is
imports. Syria signed agreements with Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon in
early 2001 for an onshore Pipeline
network (the "Arab Gas Pipeline") which would link the four countries
and make Syrian imports of natural gas from Egypt a possibility. The
section of the pipeline running from Egypt to northern Jordan currently
is in the final stages of construction. An agreement was signed in
January 2004 between Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon for the extension
of the pipeline into Syria and Lebanon. Syria issued an invitation for
bids for the extension project in June 2005. Meanwhile, Syria has begun
exporting a small quantity of natural gas to Lebanon.
In October 1997, Syria announced discovery of a large new natural gas field in the Abi Rabah area of the Palmyra region. In addition to supplying a new (completed in 1997), 375-megawatt, power plant at Zaisoun in central Syria, the Palmyra fields have been linked with a new pipeline to Aleppo, as Well as to the Tishreen power plant in Damascus and the Mhardeh power plant in Homs. Najib, the fourth and final field to be developed in the Palmyra region, started production in 2000 at a capacity of 100 Mmcf/d. A modest-sized new discovery was reported in the Palmyra area in August 2002 by the Croatian company INA Naftaplin, which tested at about 9 Mmcf/d.
In September 2001, several months ahead of schedule, an important new, integrated natural gas project (called "Desgas") was completed in the Deir ez-Zour region, three years since a $430 million service agreement was signed between SPC on the one hand, and ConocoPhillips and TotalFinaElf on the other. The new complex utilizes approximately 175 Mmcf/d of previously-flared, "associated" (found together with oil) natural gas, in the Deir ez-Zour oil fields. TotalFinaElf and ConocoPhillips each hold 50 percent interest in the project, with ConocoPhillips as lead Operator. ConocoPhillips announced in February 2004 that it intended to end its operations at Deir ez-Zour in the future, likely by letting the current contract lapse in 2005. The Deir ez-Zour complex now includes a natural gas gathering system and processing plant, plus a 155-mile pipeline to carry 150 Mmcf/d of natural gas to the grid serving western Syria.
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-13.html
In October 1997, Syria announced discovery of a large new natural gas field in the Abi Rabah area of the Palmyra region. In addition to supplying a new (completed in 1997), 375-megawatt, power plant at Zaisoun in central Syria, the Palmyra fields have been linked with a new pipeline to Aleppo, as Well as to the Tishreen power plant in Damascus and the Mhardeh power plant in Homs. Najib, the fourth and final field to be developed in the Palmyra region, started production in 2000 at a capacity of 100 Mmcf/d. A modest-sized new discovery was reported in the Palmyra area in August 2002 by the Croatian company INA Naftaplin, which tested at about 9 Mmcf/d.
In September 2001, several months ahead of schedule, an important new, integrated natural gas project (called "Desgas") was completed in the Deir ez-Zour region, three years since a $430 million service agreement was signed between SPC on the one hand, and ConocoPhillips and TotalFinaElf on the other. The new complex utilizes approximately 175 Mmcf/d of previously-flared, "associated" (found together with oil) natural gas, in the Deir ez-Zour oil fields. TotalFinaElf and ConocoPhillips each hold 50 percent interest in the project, with ConocoPhillips as lead Operator. ConocoPhillips announced in February 2004 that it intended to end its operations at Deir ez-Zour in the future, likely by letting the current contract lapse in 2005. The Deir ez-Zour complex now includes a natural gas gathering system and processing plant, plus a 155-mile pipeline to carry 150 Mmcf/d of natural gas to the grid serving western Syria.
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-13.html
Crude oil trading
Crude Oil Trading - How To Trade
Energy stocks have performed very Well
but now look to be extremely over bought with over 90% of energy stocks
having a bullish point and figure chart. I expect we will see some type
of pullback here which could last 5-20 days depending on the speed of
the pause/correction in prices. Looks like energy stocks could easily
fall back to the 50% mark on the bullish percent chart.
Energy Bullish Percent Index – Daily Chart
XLE Energy Fund – Active Trading Signals
Crude Oil Analysis
Active Trading Conclusion:
Gold and silver in my
opinion should be moving higher because the board market is so over
bought and looks like it’s about to have a sharp correction. Money has
been slowly moving into gold and silver the past 2 weeks. If the broad
market continues to sell off here we could see gold prices rise nicely
and retest the $1000 mark.
Crude Oil
does have some inventory issues and it could go either way here.
Because of the renewed negative sentiment I think we will see pullback
here, the question is how far.
We don’t really know
how bad the economy really is and if this is just a bear market rally
then we could be in for some trouble. I don’t think this is the case but
it’s always a good idea know what could happen. If the economy is about
to crash it would demand large amounts of money to be pulled from the
market and used to fund business and individuals living needs. This
means that banks, investment firms and long term investors will start to
draw their investments which would include equities, gold, silver, oil
etc… pulling all investments down. I don’t really like to think about
this but I like to know what could happen so that I can take advantage
of market moves going both ways (up and down).
That being said it
looks like the market is ready for a pause or correction before it’s
ready to continue the rally. Short term traders should be locking in
some profits.
http://seonik.com/explorations-crude-oil-trading.html
http://seonik.com/explorations-crude-oil-trading.html
Preamble of ecowas- Promote economic growth in west africa
Regional leaders created the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on May 28, 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria. ECOWAS is comprised of 15 countries, which include: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote dIvoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. The leaders established ECOWAS to promote regional integration and economic growth in West Africa, as Well as to create a monetary union in the region. However, ECOWAS has encountered problems in the process of regional integration including: political instability and lack of good governance that has plagued many member countries, the insufficient diversification of national economies, the absence of reliable infrastructure, and the multiplicity of organizations for regional integration with the same objectives.The Authority of Heads of State and Government is the governing body of ECOWAS. The Authority determines the general direction and development of the Community, as well as the realization of the Communitys objectives. The Authority elects an annual Chairman, with the 2006 Chairman being Nigers President, Mamadou Tandja. Under the Authority is the Council of Ministers, which is responsible for the proper functioning of the Community. In April 2002, the Council approved a procedure for the ECOWAS Trade Liberalization Scheme (TLS). The TLS entitles the manufacturers of approved products to customs duty exemption within ECOWAS member states. The procedure uses National Approval Committees, set up by member states, to handle the approval of products to be granted exemption under TLS. The 2002 decision by the Council abrogates a previous decision and grants the Council a monopoly for approving applications for such exemptions.In 1990, ECOWAS established the Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), a multilateral military peacekeeping force to intervene in the civil war of Liberia. Since 1990, ECOMOG has been deployed in civil conflicts in Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau and CÔte dIvoire. The CÔte dIvoire disarmament and peace mission included ECOMOG troops from Benin, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. Overall, Nigeria has contributed the largest amount of troops, materials and financial support to ECOMOG missions. ECOWAS is seeking international support to enable it to train and equip the 15 battalions of troops pledged by member states. The training of the composite units facilitates their effectiveness in peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance and other missions for which they could be deployed.In 2005, the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for ECOWAS was estimated at $139 billion. Economies within the Community are at varying stages of development. Nigerias economy is larger than the combined GDP of all other ECOWAS countries, with a GDP of $78 billion. In 2005, the Communitys economies grew at a combined weighted average rate of 5.0 percent. However, substantial external debt within individual states remains one of ECOWAS greatest challenges. In addition, internal strife has adversely affected economic performance in several states. Total regional exports, including intra-regional exports, were $68.4 billion in 2005 and ECOWAS had a $17.5 billion trade surplus. The regions major export commodities were energy products (crude Oil and refined Petroleum products), minerals (gold, diamonds, and bauxite) and agricultural products (cocoa, coffee, groundnuts, and cotton). The primary U.S. import from the region was Nigerian Crude Oil. As of January 1, 2006, President Bush approved the designation of 37 sub-Saharan African countries as eligible for tariff preferences under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). As required by the legislation, this annual determination signifies which countries are making continued progress toward a market-based economy, the rule of law, free trade, economic policies that will reduce poverty, and protection of workers rights. CÔte dIvoire, Liberia, and Togo were the only countries in the region not approved for the AGOA. In 1994, ECOWAS Francophone members Benin, Burkina Faso, CÔte dIvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, with Lusophone Guinea Bissau, created the West African Monetary Union (UEMOA) in Senegal. UEMOA is a regional economic and monetary union which shares a common currency (the CFA Franc). Five ECOWAS Anglophone-members, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, have proposed setting up a second West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) in December 2009 and launching a new common currency, the Eco. All five states signed the 2000 Accra Declaration for the creation of the second monetary zone, agreeing to reform their economies to meet specific targets prior to the introduction of the Eco. It is planned that the Eco would circulate simultaneously with the CFA Franc, with the ultimate goal of creating a single monetary zone for the entire Community. Both Liberia and Cape Verde have shown interest in becoming members of the WAMZ.
http://seonik.com/explorations-preamble-of-ecowas-promote-7.html
Deep water wells of mexico
In recent years, production from deepwater areas of the Gulf of Mexico has been increasing rapidly, with deepwater wells now accounting for about two-thirds of total U.S. Gulf output.Large fields include ExxonMobil's $1.1 billion Hoover-Diana development (which started up in May 2000 and was producing 80,000 bbl/d by 2002), plus: 1) BP's $2.5 billion Atlantis project, scheduled to come online in the third quarter of 2006, with 150,000 bbl/d of peak Oil production capacity; 2) BP's 1-billion-Barrel Thunder Horse (previously "Crazy Horse") field, the largest single field ever discovered in the Gulf of Mexico, which came online in January 2005, with peak oil output of 250,000 bbl/d expected; 3) Crosby (developed by Shell, came online in late 2001, peak output of 60,000 bbl/d); 4) Holstein (BP; online in 2004); 5) King (BP); 6) King's Peak (BP); 7) Mad Dog (BHP Billiton; online in early 2005); 8) Marlin (BP); and 9) Nakika (Shell and BP; first production in December 2003; ramping up to 110,000 bbl/d) fields.
For its part, BP has stated that it plans to accelerate its deepwater Gulf of Mexico production plans, including the planned $1 billion "Mardi Gras" deep-sea Pipeline system, designed to transport more than 1 million bbl/d of oil.
In June 2003, Unocal announced its intentions to build a $500 million deepwater Crude Oil port, the Bulk Oil Offshore Transfer System (BOOTS) in the Gulf of Mexico 100 miles south of Beaumont, TX. The BOOTS system would have a capacity of 1.2 million bbl/d, and would be linked to refineries in Houston/Texas City, Beaumont/Port Arthur, and Lake Charles.
As of October 2004, however, Unocal had placed BOOTS development on hold "pending receipt of sufficient volume commitments from crude oil import shippers."
According to Baker Hughes Inc ., which has tallied weekly U.S. drilling activity since 1940, domestic oil and Natural Gas drilling rebounded sharply from the low point of 488 reached in late April 1999, following the oil price collapse of late 1997. In mid-2001, for instance, the U.S. weekly "rig count" approached the 1,300 mark.
After that, the U.S. "rig count" fell, reaching 843 as of mid-October 2002, before rising once again, reaching 1,479 during the week ending November 11, 2005. As of November 11, natural gas rigs outnumbered oil rigs in the United States more than five-fold (1,232 to 241).
Historically, U.S. drilling activity peaked in 1981, with a total of 91,553 wells (43,598 oil, 20,166 natural gas, 27,789 dry wells) drilled in that year. For 2004, a total of 33,813 wells (22,673 natural gas wells, 7,167 oil wells, and 3,973 dry wells) were drilled in the United States, up from the low point of 18,465 total wells drilled in 1999, and also up sharply from the 25,744 wells drilled in 2002. During January-September 2005, total U.S. oil and natural gas wells drilled were up 21 percent from the same period in 2004.
http://seonik.com/explorations-deep-water-wells-of.html
Basic Rules to Choose Suitable Valves For Your Applications - Part 1
In general, specifications, types and working pressure are always
indicated when purchasing the valves. However, the information is
inadequate for you to buy the suitable valves for your applications,
especially in such competitive markets. In order to stand out among the
competitors, each valve factory innovates the design and manufacture of
the valves, though the basic standards remain the same. It leads to
product variations from manufacturer to manufacturer. Therefore, it is
suggested to bring up technical requirements as detailed as you can and
come to consensus with the manufacturers.
1. Basic Standards 1.1 Valve specifications and types should conform to the documents.
1.2 Product numbers to should follow the international standards. If valve is numbered by manufacturers themselves, documents about the number systems are needed.
1.3 The actual pressure the valves can take should be bigger than that of real applications. 1.4 The valves should be manufactured according to international standards. If produced to manufacturers' standards, related documents are needed.
2. Valve Materials
2.1 Valve body should be made of ductile iron. Material code and testing data should also be included.
2.2 Valve stem should be made of stainless steel.
2.3 Screw should be made of brass or bronze, and its hardness and strength are bigger than stems.
2.4 The hardness and strength of sleeve has to be smaller than that of stem.
2.5 Packing materials differ based what kind of valve it is.
2.6 Stem filler should choose materials which won't deteriorate for decades.
3. Transmission Gearbox
3.1 The body of box is made of anti-corrosive materials, same with valve body
3.2 Sealing unit is necessary, and the box should bear soaking in water of 3 square meters.
3.3 On-off operation only makes valve shaft to rotate, and other parts remain the same.
3.4 There are no unrelated stuff in the box. The connection between gear tooth are applied by lubricant.
http://seonik.com/explorations-basic-rules-to-choose.html
1. Basic Standards 1.1 Valve specifications and types should conform to the documents.
1.2 Product numbers to should follow the international standards. If valve is numbered by manufacturers themselves, documents about the number systems are needed.
1.3 The actual pressure the valves can take should be bigger than that of real applications. 1.4 The valves should be manufactured according to international standards. If produced to manufacturers' standards, related documents are needed.
2. Valve Materials
2.1 Valve body should be made of ductile iron. Material code and testing data should also be included.
2.2 Valve stem should be made of stainless steel.
2.3 Screw should be made of brass or bronze, and its hardness and strength are bigger than stems.
2.4 The hardness and strength of sleeve has to be smaller than that of stem.
2.5 Packing materials differ based what kind of valve it is.
2.6 Stem filler should choose materials which won't deteriorate for decades.
3. Transmission Gearbox
3.1 The body of box is made of anti-corrosive materials, same with valve body
3.2 Sealing unit is necessary, and the box should bear soaking in water of 3 square meters.
3.3 On-off operation only makes valve shaft to rotate, and other parts remain the same.
3.4 There are no unrelated stuff in the box. The connection between gear tooth are applied by lubricant.
http://seonik.com/explorations-basic-rules-to-choose.html
Petroleum pipeline
Decisions
about installations of pipelines in gas industry determine the
directions and course of billion rupees every year. The complexity of
decision can range from simple to complex but analytical. These
decisions determine cost of installation, operational optimization,
timing of increasing facility capacity and long term utilization of Pipeline.
The complicated decisions within a company can take months of
preparation. Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd has an asset of 2.92 million
consumers connected through standard distribution piping network which
is connected to gas wells through transmission pipeline network. The
transmission system is equipped with pipelines, valve assemblies,
Cathodic Protection Stations and Compressor Stations while the
distribution network contains Town Border Stations (TBSs), District
regulatory Stations (DRSs) and Consumer meter stations connected through
pipelines.
The company has a broader pipeline network including 6,625
Kilometers of transmission pipelines and 51,911 kilometers of
distribution pipelines. The network has rapidly been growing for last
twenty years and yet expected to grow a lot.
Extensions
in the existing pipeline network or installation of a new pipeline
causes pipeline planner to keep his eyes on wrist with a calculator on
the table and the manpower diagram on the desktop. The pipelines
specification codes should be on the finger tips to go through a
progressive pilot project. Statistics and ASME pipeline code standards
are the wisdom bibles for the decision makers to evaluate uncertainty,
reduce risks and choose workable solutions. More involved cases require a
clearly figured sketch of decision alternatives that combines
information from multiple disciplines for which Decision tree is a
selectable option. A number of methods are available to help decision
makers evaluate decisions. The methods include net present value (NPV)
calculations, discounted cash flow analysis, Monte Carlo
simulations, Portfolio theory, preference theory etc which are good to
compute basic expected values but these strategies are of no weight for
graphical simulation of complex procedures and codes. Decision tree is a
good option to frame complex situations.
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-15.html
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-15.html
Oil spills and Natural gas flaring in Nigeria
While Nigeria's development of the Oil sector has been good for the country�s economy, oil sector development has had an adverse impact on the country�s environment.
Oil
extraction in the Niger Delta region has caused severe environmental
degradation, owing to the legacy of oil spills, lax environmental
regulations, and government complicity during military regimes that once
governed the country. Although the situation is improving with more
stringent environmental regulations for the oil industry, marine
pollution is still a serious problem.
Air pollution from Natural Gas
flaring, exhaust emissions from the explosion in car ownership, and
electricity generators continue to leave Lagos shrouded in smog.
The
use of solid biomass, such as fuel wood, is prevalent and constitutes a
major energy source for rural Nigerians. The production and consumption
of commercial renewable energy in Nigeria remains quite limited. With
Nigeria's population continuing to increase, the pressure on the
country's environment appears likely to increase as Well, even with the added focus on cleaning up the Niger Delta and tightening environmental laws and regulations.http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-5.html
Oil and Gas: An Investment Always in Demand
Austin, TX – (January 28, 2009) Oil is the lifeblood of modern civilization and almost has single-handedly made industrial civilization possible. We are more than just dependent on oil, we are addicted to it. And despite countless attempts to render it less important, no suitable energy substitute is anywhere close to being found.
The roots of our dependence on oil go much deeper than our reliance on Gasoline, fuel and heating oil. Petrochemicals, or substances derived from Petroleum, are important in almost everything we eat, wear and use. Here are just a few items to consider: pesticides; fertilizers; detergents; food additives; tires; nail polish; lipstick; pillows; and even ink.
Global Demand for Oil
With the global demand for oil continuing to grow, have you considered investing in oil and gas with a self directed IRA? It could be an ideal way to grow and produce yields for your retirement with a producing Well. It’s no wonder global demand for oil continues to rise, year after year. And amidst this incessant thirst for more, the leading producers around the world are watching their production levels steadily decline. As this occurs, the basic economic forces of supply and demand take charge. This fundamental economic principal has been the principal influence over prices throughout history and remains the driving force behind rising oil prices of late.
Increasing Demand
The United States is the third largest oil producer in the world. But we’re the single largest consumer, producing 8% of the world’s oil and consuming 25%. The United States consumes much more oil than we produce – a trend that is expected to continue well into the foreseeable future. As our demand continues to rise while our production simultaneously continues to decline, the ever-widening gap creates an inexhaustible rise in our dependence on foreign oil imports. And the United States’ crucial dependency on foreign oil imports makes us very vulnerable. Unfortunately, there are but two viable means of reducing our dependency on foreign imports. The first is to reduce our oil consumption. So far, this one shows very little promise. The second is to increase domestic production. This one does have potential.
Tax Incentives
In an effort to stimulate domestic Natural Gas and oil production financed by private sources, Congress provided tax incentives in the 1990 Tax Act that significantly enhance the economics of investing in oil and gas. But these incentives are not "loop holes." They were placed in the Tax Code by Congress to make participation in oil and gas ventures one of the best tax-advantaged investments available. Of course, the primary reason to invest in oil and gas drilling ventures isn’t for the tax benefits. It’s for the profit potential.
Profitable Ventures with Your Self Directed IRA
The ability to extract oil and gas from the ground at a fraction of today’s market prices can make drilling ventures very profitable. And that can have a substantial impact on a portfolio’s overall performance – especially self directed IRAs.
Many investors are surprised to discover they can invest in oil and gas drilling projects through their IRAs. And Equity Trust Company makes it easy through self directed IRA investing. A number of our partners have begun to allocate a portion of IRAs toward drilling projects with notable results.
After all, in today’s environment of plummeting stock prices and failing financial institutions, generating solid portfolio returns can be extremely challenging. It seems like bad news looms around every corner. But drilling profits are not affected by interest rates or stock prices. The kind of bad news that tends to drive stock prices down tends to drive oil and gas prices higher. It can be an ideal hedge against inflation and tragedy, as well as a primary source of income and profits. And the revenue from a good well can pay for many, many years. This can make it an ideal investment for IRAs.
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-14.html
http://seonik.com/ngozi-ekeoma-14.html
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